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GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.1, March 2000
Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook,
or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute
it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while
not being considered responsible for modifications made by
others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that
derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the
same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License,
which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals
for free software, because free software needs free
documentation: a free program should come with manuals
providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this
License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for
any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is
published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or
reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
be distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document",
below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the
public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work
containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied
verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another
language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to
the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and
contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall
subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of
mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of
legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections
whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant
Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released
under this License.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that
are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this
License.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a
machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose
specification is available to the general public, whose
contents can be viewed and edited directly and
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings)
some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for
input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a
variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A
copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup
has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent
modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not
"Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include
plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human
modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF,
proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the
machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for
output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page
itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold,
legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the
title page. For works in formats which do not have any title
page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most
prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the
beginning of the body of the text.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium,
either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this
License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying
this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all
copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to
those of this License. You may not use technical measures to
obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the
copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large
enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in
section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated
above, and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more
than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover
Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts
on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.
Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the
publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the
full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they
preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to
fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as
fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a
machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy,
or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
computer-network location containing a complete Transparent
copy of the Document, free of added material, which the general
network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the
latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the
authors of the Document well before redistributing any large
number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an
updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the
Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above,
provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely
this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the
Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the
Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In
addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
A.
Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a
title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
previous versions (which should, if there were any, be
listed in the History section of the Document). You may use
the same title as a previous version if the original
publisher of that version gives permission.
B.
List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons
or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications
in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has less than five).
C.
State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D.
Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E.
Add an appropriate copyright notice for your
modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F.
Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a
license notice giving the public permission to use the
Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the
form shown in the Addendum below.
G.
Preserve in that license notice the full lists of
Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the
Document's license notice.
H.
Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I.
Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History"
in the Document, create one stating the title, year,
authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its
Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J.
Preserve the network location, if any, given in the
Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the
Document, and likewise the network locations given in the
Document for previous versions it was based on. These may
be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network
location for a work that was published at least four years
before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of
the version it refers to gives permission.
K.
In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or
"Dedications", preserve the section's title, and preserve
in the section all the substance and tone of each of the
contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given
therein.
L.
Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section
numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the
section titles.
M.
Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a
section may not be included in the Modified Version.
N.
Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or
to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections
or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option
designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do
this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the
Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be
distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it
contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by
various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that
the text has been approved by an organization as the
authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover
Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to
the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.
Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text
may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one
entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the
same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by
the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add
another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old
one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by
this License give permission to use their names for publicity
for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified
Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released
under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above
for modified versions, provided that you include in the
combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the
original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant
Sections of your combined work in its license notice.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this
License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be
replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant
Sections with the same name but different contents, make the
title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it,
in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of
that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same
adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one
section entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections
entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled
"Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled
"Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and
other documents released under this License, and replace the
individual copies of this License in the various documents with
a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that
you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of
each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection,
and distribute it individually under this License, provided you
insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and
follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim
copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume
of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count
as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is
called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the
other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on
account of their being thus compiled, if they are not
themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to
these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than
one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts
may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within
the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the
whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of
section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations
requires special permission from their copyright holders, but
you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections
in addition to the original versions of these Invariant
Sections. You may include a translation of this License
provided that you also include the original English version of
this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation
and the original English version of this License, the original
English version will prevail.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
Document except as expressly provided for under this License.
Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the
Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights
under this License. However, parties who have received copies,
or rights, from you under this License will not have their
licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full
compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised
versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to
time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the
present version, but may differ in detail to address new
problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing
version number. If the Document specifies that a particular
numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies
to it, you have the option of following the terms and
conditions either of that specified version or of any later
version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include
a copy of the License in the document and put the following
copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant
Sections" instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you
have no Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead
of "Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover
Texts.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program
code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under
your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General
Public License, to permit their use in free software.